![]() A similarity comparison involves comparing the feature lists that represent the concepts. Saying "That surgeon is a butcher" means something quite different from saying "That butcher is a surgeon."įeatural approaches assumed that people represent concepts by lists of features that describe properties of the items. Furthermore, many metaphors are also directional. For example, it feels more natural to say that 101 is like 100 than to say that 100 is like 101. For example, we often prefer to state similarity in one direction. However, psychological similarity is not symmetric. The distance between two points is the same regardless of which point you start from. A strength of this approach is there are many mathematical techniques for deriving spaces from data such as multidimensional scaling ( Shepard 1962) and latent semantic analysis ( Landauer & Dumais 1997).įeatural approaches ( Tversky 1977) were developed to address limitations of the mental distance approaches. Concepts represented by points that are near to each other are more psychologically similar than are points that are conceptually distant. Similarity between concepts is a function of the distance between the concepts in space. Concepts are represented as points within the space. Mental distance approaches ( Shepard 1962) assume that mental representations can be conceptualized as some kind of mental space. ![]() Each of them is related to a particular set of assumptions about knowledge representation.Ĭognitive psychological approaches Mental distance approaches Research in cognitive psychology has taken a number of approaches to the concept of similarity. It underpins our ability to interact with unknown entities by predicting how they will behave based on their similarity to entities we are familiar with. It is fundamental to human cognition since it provides the basis for categorization of entities into kinds and for various other cognitive processes. You will see in the next section that similarity also has a part to play in attraction.Similarity refers to the psychological degree of identity of two mental representations. However, we are also more likely to be in regular close proximity to people with whom we share interests: working together, undertaking leisure activities, being within the same friendship group and similar social circumstances. The reason why we are more likely to be attracted to people we meet more often may be because we feel more secure with people that we know. Zajonc, 1968) which states that the more often we are exposed to a stimulus whether it is a sound, picture or person the more positively we will rate that stimulus. This is known as the ‘mere exposure effect’ (Robert B. Having more chances to interact with another person means that we become more familiar with that person and numerous studies have shown that we prefer people who are familiar to us rather than strangers. Similarly people are more likely to form friendships at work with the people working near them and students will be more likely to form friendships with people studying the same subject and attending the same classes. ![]() If you examine friendship patterns of people living in blocks of flats then they will be much more likely to be friendly with the people who live near them on the same floor than with people living on different floors just because they have more opportunities to meet and get to know each other. You may find a certain film star very attractive but if you never get the chance to meet them or talk to them then you'll have no chance of forming a relationship. ![]() An obvious and basic requirement for forming a relationship is that the people involved need to be geographically close enough to have opportunities to interact with each other.
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